Hipoteza kurgane
Hipoteza kurgane (e njohur edhe si teori kurgane ose modeli kurgan ) ose teoria e stepave është propozimi më i pranuar për të identifikuar atdheun Proto-Indo-Europian nga i cili gjuhët indo-evropiane u përhapën në të gjithë Evropën, Euroazi dhe pjesë të Azisë .[2][4] Ajo postulon se njerzit e kultures kurgane nga maja Pontike ne veri të Detit të Zi ishin folësit më të mundshëm të gjuhës Proto-Indo-Europiane (PIE). Termi rrjedh nga rusishtja Kurgan курга́н ), që do të thotë tumë ose gropë varrimi.
Shih edhe
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]Literatura
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]- Anthony, David W (1991). "The Archaeology of Indo-European Origins". The Archaeology of Indo-European Origins. 19 (3–4): 193–222. ISSN 0092-2323.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Anthony, David W.; Bogucki, Peter; Comşa, Eugen; Gimbutas, Marija; Jovanović, Borislav; Mallory, J. P.; Milisaukas, Sarunas (1986). "The "Kurgan Culture," Indo-European Origins, and the Domestication of the Horse: A Reconsideration". Current Anthropology. 27 (4): 291–313. doi:10.1086/203441. ISSN 0011-3204. JSTOR 2743045. S2CID 143388176.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Donald (2015). "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Linguistics. 1 (1): 199–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995). "Birth of the Chariot". Archaeology. 48 (2): 36–41. JSTOR 41771098.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew, red. (1999). Archaeology and Language. Vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts. London: Routledge.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Bojtar, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. Budapest: Central European University Press.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2000). Genes, peoples, and languages. Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-86547-529-8.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Gimbutas, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Europe. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!). - Gimbutas, Marija (1970). "Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C.". përmbledhur nga Cardona, George; Hoenigswald, Henry M.; Senn, Alfred (red.). Indo-European and Indo-Europeans: Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Conference at the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. fq. 155–197. ISBN 0-8122-7574-8.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!). - Gimbutas, Marija (1982). "Old Europe in the Fifth Millenium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans". përmbledhur nga Polomé, Edgar C. (red.). The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. ISBN 0-89720-041-1.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Gimbutas, Marija (1985). "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: comments on Gamkrelidze–Ivanov articles". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 13 (1&2): 185–201.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Gimbutas, Marija (1997). Dexter, Miriam Robbins; Jones-Bley, Karlene (red.). The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Vëll. 18. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0-941694-56-8.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!). - Gimbutas, Marija; Dexter, Miriam Robbins (1999). The Living Goddesses. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22915-0.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, etj. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Krell, Kathrin (1998). "Gimbutas' Kurgans-PIE homeland hypothesis: a linguistic critique". Archaeology and Language. vol. II. Blench and Spriggs.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Mallory, J. P. (1997). "Kurgan Tradition". Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. fq. 338–341. ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!). - Mallory, J. P. (1996). Fagan, Brian M. (red.). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507618-4.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (2006). "Diffusion of genes and languages in human evolution". Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language. fq. 255–266. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 11 dhjetor 2008. Marrë më 11 tetor 2023.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Renfrew, Colin (1999). "Time depth, convergence theory, and innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE linguistic area". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 27 (3–4): 257–293.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Schmoeckel, Reinhard (1999). Die Indoeuropäer. Aufbruch aus der Vorgeschichte [The Indo-Europeans: Rising from pre-history] (në gjermanisht). Bergisch-Gladbach (Germany): Bastei Lübbe. ISBN 3-404-64162-0.
- Spinney, Laura (13 mars 2025). Proto. London: William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-862652-5.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Strazny, Philipp, red. (2000). Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (bot. 1st). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-57958-218-0.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The journey of man: a genetic odyssey. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11532-0.
{{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!) - Zanotti, D. G. (1982). "The Evidence for Kurgan Wave One As Reflected By the Distribution of 'Old Europe' Gold Pendants". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 10: 223–234.
{{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri|language=(Ndihmë!)
Referime
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]- ↑ Mallory 1989, f. 185.
- ↑ The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse.[1]|group=lower-alpha}}
- ↑ Strazny 2000, f. 163.
- ↑ The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes (see the Kurgan hypothesis)..."[3]|group=lower-alpha}}