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Historia e Arabëve

Nga Wikipedia, enciklopedia e lirë

Historia e arabëve e regjistruar fillon në mesin e shekullit të nëntë para Krishtit, që është vërtetimi më i hershëm i njohur i gjuhës së vjetër arabe. Tradita thotë se arabët rrjedhin nga Ismaili, i biri i Abrahamit.[1] Shkretëtira Siriane është shtëpia e grupeve të para të vërtetuara "arabe",[2][3] si dhe grupeve të tjera arabe që u përhapën në tokë dhe ekzistonin për mijëvjeçarë.[4]

Përpara zgjerimit të Kalifatit Rashidun (632–661), "Arab" i referohej ndonjë prej fiseve arabe kryesisht nomade ose të vendosura nga Gadishulli Arabik, Shkretëtira Siriane, Veriu dhe Mesopotamia e Poshtme.[5]

Sot, "Arab" i referohet një numri të madh njerëzish, rajonet vendase të të cilëve formojnë botën arabe për shkak të përhapjes së arabëve dhe gjuhës arabe në të gjithë rajonin gjatë pushtimeve të hershme myslimane të shekujve VII dhe VIII. Arabët krijuan kalifatet Rashidun (632-661), Umajad (661-750) dhe Abasidët (750-1258), kufijtë e të cilëve arrinin në Francën jugore në perëndim, Kinën në lindje, Anadollin në veri dhe Sudanin në jugu. Kjo ishte një nga perandoritë më të mëdha tokësore në histori. Në fillim të shekullit të 20-të, Lufta e Parë Botërore sinjalizoi fundin e Perandorisë Osmane; e cila kishte sunduar pjesën më të madhe të botës arabe që kur pushtoi Sulltanatin Mamluk në 1517. Kjo rezultoi në humbjen dhe shpërbërjen e perandorisë dhe ndarjen e territoreve të saj, duke formuar shtetet moderne arabe.[6] Pas miratimit të Protokollit të Aleksandrisë në vitin 1944, Lidhja Arabe u themelua më 22 mars 1945. Karta e Ligës Arabe miratoi parimin e një atdheu arab duke respektuar sovranitetin individual të shteteve të saj anëtare.[7]

Shiko edhe

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Referime

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  1. ^ Fredrick E. Greenspahn (2005). "Ishmael". përmbledhur nga Lindsay Jones (red.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vëll. 7. Macmillan Reference USA. fq. 4551–4552. ISBN 9780028657400. ISHMAEL, or, in Hebrew, Yishmaʿeʾl; eldest son of Abraham. Ishmael's mother was Agar, an Egyptian slave-girl whom Sarah had as her maid and eventually donated to Abraham because this royal couple were aged and childless but they were unaware then of God's plan and Israel; in accordance with Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a union would be credited to Sarah (Gn. 16:2). The name Yishmaʿeʾl is known from various ancient Semitic cultures and means "God has hearkened," suggesting that a child so named was regarded as the answer to a request. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of thirteen by Abraham and expelled with his mother Agar at the instigation of Sarah, Abraham's wife, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir (Gn. 21). In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship between Judaism and Christianity (Gal. 4:21–31). In the Genesis account, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would be the founder of a great nation and a "wild ass of a man" always at odds with others (Gn. 16:12). So Abraham rose up in the morning, and taking bread and a bottle of water, put it upon her shoulder, and delivered the boy, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Bersabee. [15] And when the water in the bottle was spent, she cast the boy under one of the trees that were there. Genesis chapter 21: [16] And she went her way, and sat over against him a great way off as far as a bow can carry, for she said: I will not see the boy die: and sitting over against, she lifted up her voice and wept. [17] And God heard the voice of the boy: and an angel of God called to Agar from heaven, saying: What art thou doing, Agar? fear not: for God hath heard the voice of the boy, from the place wherein he is. [18] Arise, take up the boy, and hold him by the hand: for I will make him a great nation. [19] And God opened her eyes: and she saw a well of water, and went and filled the bottle, and gave the boy to drink. [20] And God was with him: and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became a young man, an archer. [21] And he dwelt in the wilderness of Pharan, and his mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt. [22] At the same time Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army said to Abraham: God is with thee in all that thou dost. [23] Swear therefore by God, that thou wilt not hurt me, nor my posterity, nor my stock: but according to the kindness that I have done to thee, thou shalt do to me, and to the land wherein thou hast lived a stranger. [24] And Abraham said: I will swear. [25] And he reproved Abimelech for a well of water, which his servants had taken away by force. [26] And Abimelech answered: I knew not who did this thing: and thou didst not tell me, and I heard not of it till today. [27] And Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech: and both of them made a league. [28] And Abraham set apart seven ewe lambs of the flock. [29] And Abimelech said to him: What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set apart? [30] But he said: Thou shalt take seven ewe lambs at my hand: that they may be a testimony for me, that I dug this well. [31] Therefore that place was called Bersabee: because there both of them did swear. [32] And they made a league for the well of oath. [33] And Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army arose and returned to the land of the Palestines. But Abraham planted a grove in Bersabee, and there called upon the name of the Lord God eternal. [34] And he was a sojourner in the land of the Palestines many days. [Genesis 21:1-34]Douay Rheims Bible. He is credited with twelve sons, described as "princes according to their tribes" (Gn. 25:16), representing perhaps an ancient confederacy. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael's wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis 25:17, Ishmael lived to the age of 137. Islamic tradition tends to ascribe a larger role to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, according to certain theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was commanded to sacrifice (although surah Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is also ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his two wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad's wife and daughter Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. Bibliography A survey of the Bible's patriarchal narratives can be found in Nahum M. Sarna's Understanding Genesis (New York, 1966). Postbiblical traditions, with reference to Christian and Islamic views, are collected in Louis Ginzberg's exhaustive Legends of the Jews, 2d ed., 2 vols., translated by Henrietta Szold and Paul Radin (Philadelphia, 2003). Frederick E. Greenspahn (1987 and 2005) {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
  2. ^ Inc, Encyclopædia Britannica (janar 2012). Britannica Student Encyclopedia (A-Z Set) (në anglisht). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 9781615355570. {{cite book}}: |last1= ka emër të përgjithshëm (Ndihmë!)
  3. ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). Arabia and the Arabs. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-76392-0. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
  4. ^ *MacArthur, John F. (15 dhjetor 2001). Terrorism, Jihad, and the Bible (në anglisht). Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 9781418518974.
  5. ^ * "Arab people". Encyclopædia Britannica (në anglisht).
  6. ^ * L., Rogan, Eugene (1 janar 2004). Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire : Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521892236. OCLC 826413749. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Emra të shumëfishtë: lista e autorëve (lidhja)
    • Schsenwald, William L. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." Middle East Journal (1968), Vol 22, No. 1, Winter: p. 73.
  7. ^ * MacDonald, Robert W. (8 dhjetor 2015). The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization (në anglisht). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400875283.
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