Shihni burimin për Nirvana

{{About|Ky artikull është rreth termit Pali dhe Sanskrit i cili i referohet konceptit, për konceptin fetar në budizëm shih [[Nirvana (Budizëm)]], për grupi rock amerikan shih [[Nirvana (grup muzikor)]], për përdorime të tjera shih [[Nirvana (kthjellim)]]}}

'''''{{IAST|Nirvāṇa}}''''' ( <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nirvana "nirvana"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> [[Gjuha sanskrite|Sanskritisht]]: निर्वाण , ''nirvāṇa&#x202f;'' {{IPA-sa|nirʋaːɳə|}}; {{lang-pi|निब्बान}} '', nibbāna&#x202f;''; Prakrit: णिव्वाण '', ṇivvāṇa&#x202f;'') fjalë për fjalë do të thotë "i shuar" por që thelbi i saj përkthehet si çlirim soteriologjik.<ref name="Gombrich">[[Richard Gombrich]], ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo.'' Routledge</ref> Termi "nirvana" është më së shpeshti i lidhur me fetë indiane ([[hinduizmi]], [[budizmi]] dhe [[xhainizmi]]), dhe përfaqëson gjendjen e tij përfundimtare të lirimit dhe çlirimit soteriologjik nga rilindjet në ''[[saṃsāra]]''.<ref name="Meister2009p25">{{cite book|author=Chad Meister|title=Introducing Philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.fi/books?id=pOCT3qFirJMC&lpg=PP1&hl=fi&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-14179-1|page=25|quote=Buddhism: the soteriological goal is nirvana, liberation from the wheel of samsara and extinction of all desires, cravings and suffering.}}</ref><ref group=web name="EB=Nirvana">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415925/nirvana Donald S. lopez Jr., ''Nirvana'', Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kristin Johnston Largen|title=What Christians Can Learn from Buddhism: Rethinking Salvation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNoXJVD_XEkC |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-1267-3 |pages=107–108|quote=One important caveat must be noted: for many lay Buddhists all over the world, rebirth in a higher realm - rather than realizing nirvana - has been the primary religious goal. [...] while many Buddhists strongly emphasize the soteriological value of the Buddha's teaching on nirvana [escape from samsara], many other Buddhists focus their practice on more tangible goals, in particular on the propitious rebirth in one's next life.}}</ref>

Në fetë indiane, ''nirvana'' është sinonim me ''[[moksha]]'' dhe ''mukti''.{{refn|group=note| Gjithashtu quhet vimoksha, vimukti. Fjalor Saka Gakkai i budizmit: "Vimoksha [解脱] (Skt; Jpn gedatsu ). Emancipimi, lirimi ose çlirimi. Fjalët e sanskritëve vimukti, mukti dhe moksha gjithashtu kanë të njëjtin kuptim. Vimoksha nënkupton lirimin nga lidhjet e dëshirave tokësore, mashtrimit, vuajtjes dhe transmigrimin. Ndërkohë që budizmi parashtron lloje dhe faza të ndryshme të emancipimit ose të ndriçimit, emancipimi suprem është nirvana,<ref>{{cite web|title=IN THE PRESENCE OF NIBBANA:Developing Faith in the Buddhist Path to Enlightenment|url=http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Ajahn_Brahm_In_the_Presence_of%20Nibbana.htm|publisher=What-Buddha-Taught.net|accessdate=22 tetor 2014}}</ref><ref group=web name="vimoksha">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |title=The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, ''vimoksha'' |url-status=dead |access-date=7 nëntor 2017 |archive-date=24 shtator 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100959/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 }}</ref>}} Të gjitha fetë indiane pohojnë se ajo është një gjendje qetësie e përsosur, liria, lumturia më e lartë së bashku me atë që është çlirimi nga ''samsara'', cikli përsëritës i lindjes, jetës dhe vdekjes<ref name="Flood">Gavin Flood, ''Nirvana''. In: John Bowker (ed.), '' Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anindita N. Balslev|title=On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1clDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |year=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications| isbn=978-93-5150-405-4 |pages=28–29 }}</ref>

Megjithatë, traditat budiste dhe jo-budiste i përshkruajnë këto terma për çlirim ndryshe.<ref name="Loy 1982 pp. 65–74">{{cite journal | last=Loy | first=David | title=Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-philosophical-quarterly_1982-03_22_1/page/65 | journal=International Philosophical Quarterly | publisher=Philosophy Documentation Center | volume=22 | issue=1 | year=1982 | pages=65–74 | doi=10.5840/ipq19822217 |quote=What most distinguishes Indian from Western philosophy is that all the important Indian systems point to the same phenomenon: Enlightenment or Liberation. Enlightenment has different names in the various systems – kaivalya, nirvana, moksha, etc. – and is described in different ways...}}</ref>  Në kontekstin budist, nirvana i referohet realizimit të jo-vetvetes dhe boshllëkut, duke shënuar fundin e rilindjes duke zvarritur zjarret që mbajnë procesin e rilindjes.<ref name="Loy 1982 pp. 65–74"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Collins|title=Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39726-1|pages=81–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey |title=Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ |year=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4 |pages=98–99|quote=[Nirvana is] beyond the processes involved in dying and reborn. [...] Nirvana is emptiness in being void of any grounds for the delusion of a permanent, substantial Self, and because it cannot be conceptualized in any view which links it to 'I' or 'mine' or 'Self'. It is known in this respect by one with deep insight into everything as not-Self (anatta), empty of Self.}}</ref> Në filozofinë e [[Hinduizmi|hinduizmit]], është bashkimi ose realizimi i identitetit të Atman me Brahman, në varësi të traditës Hindu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Morris|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&lpg=PP1&hl=fi&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|page=51|quote=There has been some dispute as to the exact meaning of nirvana, but clearly the Buddhist theory of no soul seems to imply quite a different perspective from that of Vedantist philosophy, in which the individual soul or self [atman] is seen as identical with the world soul or Brahman [god] (on the doctrine of anatta[no soul] ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gwinyai H. Muzorewa|title=The Great Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIhKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|year=2000|publisher=Wipf |isbn=978-1-57910-453-5|pages=52–54|quote=Even the Atman depends on the Brahman. In fact, the two are essentially the same. [...] Hindu theology believes that the Atman ultimately becomes one with the Brahman. One's true identity lies in realizing that the Atman in me and the Brahman - the groud of all existence - are similar. [...] The closest kin of Atman is the Atman of all living things, which is grounded in the Brahman. When the Atman strives to be like Brahman it is only because it realizes that that is its origin - God. [...] Separation between the Atman and the Brahman is proved to be impermanent. What is ultimately permanent is the union between the Atman and the Brahman. [...] Thus, life's struggle is for the Atman to be released from the body, which is impermanent, to unite with Brahman, which is permanent - this doctrine is known as Moksha.}}</ref>{{sfn|Fowler|2012|p=46|ps=: "Shankara interpreted the whole of the Gita as extolling the path of knowledge as the best means to moksha, and a total identity of the atman with Brahman...,}} Në [[Jainizmi|jainizëm]], është gjithashtu qëllimi soteriologjik, ai përfaqëson lirimin e një shpirti nga robëria karmike dhe samsara.<ref>John E. Cort (1990), MODELS OF AND FOR THE STUDY OF THE JAINS, Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, Vol. 2, No. 1, Brill Academic, pages 42-71</ref>

==Origjina==
''Nirvāṇa'' është një term i gjetur në tekstet e të gjitha feve të mëdha indiane – [[Budizëm]],{{Sfn|Trainor|2004|p=68}} [[Hinduizëm]],{{sfn|Fowler|2012|p=48}} [[Jainizëm]]<ref name="Glasenapp1999p234">{{cite book|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2|pages=234, 492}}</ref> dhe [[Sikizëm]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sikhism And Indian Civilization By R.K. Pruthi|year=2004|pages=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=zYJpT_PfJcbtrQfm0tSOCA&id=KxndvJs3wUkC}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book|title=World History: To 1800 By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel|year=2008|pages=52, 53|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=LoFpT7XiMYLNrQeh6Z2MCA&id=bj8HX6sWhYAC}}</ref> Ajo i referohet paqes së thellë të mendjes që fitohet me ''moksha'', çlirim nga [[Saṃsāra|samsara]], ose çlirimi nga një gjendje [[Dukkha|vuajtjeje]], pas praktikës përkatëse shpirtërore ose [[sādhanā]].{{refn|group=note|It is sometimes referred to as ''bhavana'', which refers to spiritual "development" or "cultivating" or "producing"<ref name="PED">Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 503, entry for "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120711062331/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali |date=11 korrik 2012 }}.</ref><ref name="MWD">Monier-Williams (1899), p. 755, see "Bhāvana" and "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 Dec 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf.</ref> in the sense of "calling into existence",{{sfn|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=67}}}}

Idea e ''moksha'' është e lidhur me kulturën Vedike, ku ajo përcolli një nocion ''amrtam'', "pavdekshmëri",{{sfn|Collins|2010|p=29}}{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=136}} dhe gjithashtu një nocion i '' përjetshëm '', 'i palindur', ose "pika e palëvizshme e kthimit të botës në kohë". Ajo ishte gjithashtu struktura e saj e përjetshme, e tërë nën "rrotat e timonit pandryshueshëm por të pandërprerë të kohës".{{refn|group=note|The wheel is a typical Vedic, or Indo-European, symbol, which is manifested in various symbols of the [[Historical vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and of Buddhism and Hinduism. See, for examples, [[Dharmacakra]], [[Chakra]], [[Chakravartin]], [[Kalachakra]], [[Dukkha]] and [[Mandala]].}} Shpresa për jetën pas vdekjes filloi me nocione për të shkuar te botët e Etërve apo Paraardhësve dhe / ose botës së Hyjve ose Qiellit.{{sfn|Collins|2010|p=29}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Heaven (Christianity)]] and Walhalla}}
==Budizmi ==
==Hinduizmi==
==Jainizmi==
==Sikizmi==
== Shënime ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Referime ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Referimet online===
{{reflist|group=web|2}}

== Referime ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first1=Robert E.|last1= Buswell |first2=Donald S.|last2= Lopez| title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 }}
* {{Citation | last =Collins | first =Steven | year =1998 | title =Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities | publisher =Cambridge University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2go_y5KYyoC&dq=nirvana+vedic&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{Citation | last =Collins | first =Steven | year =2010 | title =Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative | publisher =Cambridge University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC&dq=nirvana+vedic&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Duiker | first1 =William J. | last2 =Spielvogel | first2 =Jackson J. | year =2008 | title =World History: To 1800 |url =https://books.google.com/books?ei=LoFpT7XiMYLNrQeh6Z2MCA&id=bj8HX6sWhYAC&dq=NIRVANA+A+HINDU+CONCEPT&q=NIRVANA++HINDU#v=snippet&q=NIRVANA%20%20HINDU&f=false}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Easwaran | first1 =Eknath | title= The Bhagavad Gita:(Classics of Indian Spirituality) | date =2007 | publisher=Nilgiri Press | isbn =9781586380199 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Frazier | first1= Jessica | title =The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies | date =2011 | publisher =Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn =978-0-8264-9966-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Fowler | first1 =Jeaneane D. | title =The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students | date =2012 | publisher =Sussex Academic Press | isbn =9781845193461 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C&lpg=PA337&ots=ebslLSL95c&dq=The%20Bhagavad%20Gita%3A%20A%20Text%20and%20Commentary%20for%20Students&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard F.|last= Gombrich |title=How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19639-5 }}
* {{cite book|first=Damien |last= Keown |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC  |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2}}
* {{Citation | last =Nyanatiloka|first= Mahathera | year =1980 | title =Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Terms And Doctrines | place = Kandy, Sri Lanka | publisher =Buddhist Publication Society | edition = 4 }}
* {{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195361377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC&lpg=PA294&ots=Z3quz1WD8W&dq=The%20Samnyasa%20Upanisads%3A%20Hindu%20Scriptures%20on%20Asceticism%20and%20Renunciation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false }}
* {{cite book | last =Pruthi | first =R.K. | year =2004 | title =Sikhism And Indian Civilization | url =https://books.google.com/books?ei=zYJpT_PfJcbtrQfm0tSOCA&id=KxndvJs3wUkC}}
* {{Citation | last =Trainor | first =Kevin | year =2004 | title =Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-517398-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC}}

{{refend}}

== Lexim të mëtejshëm ==
* {{cite book|last1=Brahm|first1=Ajahn|title=Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond: A Meditator's Handbook|date=2006|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=9780861712755|url=http://www.dhammaloka.org.au/files/pdf/Ajahn_Brahm-Mindfulness_Bliss_and_Beyond-Chapters1-4.pdf|accessdate=7 nëntor 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065422/http://www.dhammaloka.org.au/files/pdf/Ajahn_Brahm-Mindfulness_Bliss_and_Beyond-Chapters1-4.pdf|archivedate=5 mars 2016|url-status=dead}}
* Kawamura (1981). Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
* {{cite journal | last = Lindtner | first = Christian | title = Problems of Pre-Canonical Buddhism | journal = Buddhist Studies Review | year = 1997 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/BackCopiesOfBuddhistStudiesReview }}
* Nananaranda, Katukurunde (2012). Nibbana - The Mind Stilled (Vol. I-VII). Dharma Grantha Mudrana Bharaya.
* {{cite book|last1=Williams |first1=Paul |last2=Tribe |first2=Anthony |title=Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0Rpvycf1t0C&lpg=PP1&hl=fi&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false  |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-20701-0}}
* Yogi Kanna (2011). Nirvana: Absolute Freedom. Kamath Publishings.

[[Kategoria:Koncept filozofik budist]]
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