Vetëvendosja

Vetëvendosja^[1]^[2] i referohet të drejtës së një populli për të formuar njësinë e vet politike, dhe vetëvendosja e brendshme është e drejta për një qeveri përfaqësuese me të drejtë të plotë të votës.^[3]^[4]

Vetëvendosja është një parim kardinal në të drejtën ndërkombëtare moderne, i detyrueshëm, si i tillë, për Kombet e Bashkuara si një interpretim autoritar i normave të Kartës.^[5]^[6] Parimi nuk përcakton se si duhet të merret vendimi, as cili duhet të jetë rezultati (qoftë pavarësia, federata, mbrojtja, ndonjë formë e autonomisë apo asimilimi i plotë), megjithatë,^[7] dhe e drejta e vetëvendosjes nuk përfshin domosdoshmërisht një e drejta për një shtet të pavarur për çdo grup etnik brenda një territori ish-kolonial. Më tej, asnjë e drejtë për shkëputje nuk njihet sipas ligjit ndërkombëtar.^[8]^[9]

Koncepti u shfaq me ngritjen e nacionalizmit në shekullin e 19-të dhe hyri në përdorim të dukshëm në vitet 1860, duke u përhapur me shpejtësi më pas.^[10] Gjatë dhe pas Luftës së Parë Botërore, parimi u inkurajua nga Kryeministri Sovjetik Vladimir Lenin dhe Presidenti i Shteteve të Bashkuara Woodrow Wilson.^[10] Pasi shpalli Katërmbëdhjetë Pikat e tij më 8 janar 1918, më 11 shkurt 1918, Wilson deklaroi: "Aspiratat kombëtare duhet të respektohen; njerëzit tani mund të dominohen dhe qeverisen vetëm me pëlqimin e tyre. "Vetëvendosje" nuk është një frazë e thjeshtë; është një parimi imperativ i veprimit”.^[11] Gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore, parimi u përfshi në Kartën e Atlantikut, të deklaruar bashkërisht më 14 gusht 1941 nga Franklin D. Roosevelt, President i Shteteve të Bashkuara dhe Winston Churchill, Kryeministër i Mbretërisë së Bashkuar, i cili u zotua për Tetë pikat kryesore të Kartës.^[12] Ajo u njoh si një e drejtë ligjore ndërkombëtare pasi u rendit në mënyrë eksplicite si e drejtë në Kartën e OKB-së.^[13]

Zbatimi i së drejtës për vetëvendosje mund të jetë politikisht i vështirë, pjesërisht sepse ka interpretime të shumta se çfarë përbën një popull dhe cilat grupe mund të pretendojnë në mënyrë legjitime të drejtën për vetëvendosje.^[14] Siç tha gjyqtari i Gjykatës Botërore Ivor Jennings: "populli nuk mund të vendosë derisa dikush të vendosë se kush është populli".^[15]

Shiko edhe

Pavarësia

Referime

^ "Self determination (international law)". LII / Legal Information Institute (në anglisht). Marrë më 2022-09-19.
^ "Kuptimi i fjalës Vetëvendosje ‹ FJALË". fjale.al. Marrë më 2024-08-30.
^ Forsyth, Tim (2018). Encyclopedia of International Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. "External" self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and "internal" self-determination refers to the right to have a representative government with effective participation in the political process...The right to self-determination was at first limited to colonial territories' right to external self-determination. The right was made secondary to territorial integrity and national unity, effective "locking" colonial boundaries. In 1970, the right to self-determination was expanded to apply beyond colonial situations. This declaration linked self-determination's internal and external aspects by suggesting that a racial or religious group denied equal participation in the political process would be entitled to external self-determination, voiding the principle that territorial integrity or national unity should not be threatened in extreme cases. The Vienna Declaration (1993) broaded this argument to include ethnic groups denied effective political participation. While representation and effective participation is usually enough to satisfy a people's right to self-determination, a people may have the right to external self-determination when those conditions are not met. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Alexander, Yonah, and Friedlander, Robert A. Self-determination: National, Regional, And Global Dimensions. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2019.
^ See: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 in Wikisource states
^ McWhinney, Edward (2007). Self-Determination of Peoples and Plural-Ethnic States in Contemporary International Law: Failed States, Nation-Building and the Alternative, Federal Option. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. fq. 8. ISBN 978-9004158351. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Griffiths, Martin, red. (2013). Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Since the end of decolonization, it has become clear that the diplomatic compromises that facilitated the transfer of political authority during that era are now obsolete. Today, the principle of self-determination lacks both definition and applicability. Saving it from a complete descent into incoherence will require a renewal of the links between autonomy, democracy, human rights and the right to self-determination. Central to cultivating this renewal should be the adoption of a more liberal and expansive interpretation of the meaning of self-determination. Self-determination does not have to mean irredentism, secession and the violent renegotiation of territorial frontiers. The promotion of minority rights, devolution, federalism and greater acknowledgement of the legitimacy of cultural self-expression are all expressions of self-determination. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "Legal Aspects of Self-Determination". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. Princeton University. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Foweraker, Joe; Clarke, Paul Barry, red. (2003). Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought. United Kingdom: Taylor&Francis. fq. 655. At present, international law is ambiguous regarding the right to secede. Some documents assert that self-determination is a fundamental right, but in practice the United Nations and other international organisations have very rarely recognized breakaway states, and the trend at the turn of the millennium seems to be toward increasing the opposition to separatism, largely as a result of the grave effects observable in most cases where it has been attempted. One ICJ judge, Rosalyn Higgins, has writter that there is no legal right of secession where there is representative government. However, some other experts disagree, adding that self-determination is justifiable where there is representative government but the minority nevertheless faces severe human rights violations. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ ^a ^b Jörg Fisch (9 dhjetor 2015). A History of the Self-Determination of Peoples: The Domestication of an Illusion. Cambridge University Press. fq. 118. ISBN 978-1-107-03796-0. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Datë e përkthyer automatikisht (lidhja)
^ "President Wilson's Address to Congress, Analyzing German and Austrian Peace Utterances (Delivered to Congress in Joint Session on February 11, 1918)". gwpda.org. shkurt 11, 1918. Marrë më shtator 5, 2014. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Datë e përkthyer automatikisht (lidhja)
^ See: Clause 3 of the Atlantic Charter reads: "Third, they respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them" then became one of the eight cardinal principal points of the Charter all people had a right to self-determination.
^ Daniel, Thürer; Thomas, Burri (2008). "Self-Determination". Oxford Public International Law. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e873. ISBN 978-0-19-923169-0. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Betty Miller Unterberger, "Self-Determination", Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2002.
^ Mayall, James (2013). "International Society, State Sovereignty, and National Self-Determination". përmbledhur nga Breuilly, John (red.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. fq. 542. ISBN 978-0-19-876820-3. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[1] "Self determination (international law)". LII / Legal Information Institute (në anglisht). Marrë më 2022-09-19.

[2] "Kuptimi i fjalës Vetëvendosje ‹ FJALË". fjale.al. Marrë më 2024-08-30.

[3] Forsyth, Tim (2018). Encyclopedia of International Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. "External" self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and "internal" self-determination refers to the right to have a representative government with effective participation in the political process...The right to self-determination was at first limited to colonial territories' right to external self-determination. The right was made secondary to territorial integrity and national unity, effective "locking" colonial boundaries. In 1970, the right to self-determination was expanded to apply beyond colonial situations. This declaration linked self-determination's internal and external aspects by suggesting that a racial or religious group denied equal participation in the political process would be entitled to external self-determination, voiding the principle that territorial integrity or national unity should not be threatened in extreme cases. The Vienna Declaration (1993) broaded this argument to include ethnic groups denied effective political participation. While representation and effective participation is usually enough to satisfy a people's right to self-determination, a people may have the right to external self-determination when those conditions are not met. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[4] Alexander, Yonah, and Friedlander, Robert A. Self-determination: National, Regional, And Global Dimensions. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2019.

[5] See: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 in Wikisource states

[6] McWhinney, Edward (2007). Self-Determination of Peoples and Plural-Ethnic States in Contemporary International Law: Failed States, Nation-Building and the Alternative, Federal Option. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. fq. 8. ISBN 978-9004158351. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[7] Griffiths, Martin, red. (2013). Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Since the end of decolonization, it has become clear that the diplomatic compromises that facilitated the transfer of political authority during that era are now obsolete. Today, the principle of self-determination lacks both definition and applicability. Saving it from a complete descent into incoherence will require a renewal of the links between autonomy, democracy, human rights and the right to self-determination. Central to cultivating this renewal should be the adoption of a more liberal and expansive interpretation of the meaning of self-determination. Self-determination does not have to mean irredentism, secession and the violent renegotiation of territorial frontiers. The promotion of minority rights, devolution, federalism and greater acknowledgement of the legitimacy of cultural self-expression are all expressions of self-determination. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[8] "Legal Aspects of Self-Determination". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. Princeton University. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[9] Foweraker, Joe; Clarke, Paul Barry, red. (2003). Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought. United Kingdom: Taylor&Francis. fq. 655. At present, international law is ambiguous regarding the right to secede. Some documents assert that self-determination is a fundamental right, but in practice the United Nations and other international organisations have very rarely recognized breakaway states, and the trend at the turn of the millennium seems to be toward increasing the opposition to separatism, largely as a result of the grave effects observable in most cases where it has been attempted. One ICJ judge, Rosalyn Higgins, has writter that there is no legal right of secession where there is representative government. However, some other experts disagree, adding that self-determination is justifiable where there is representative government but the minority nevertheless faces severe human rights violations. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Fisch-10] Jörg Fisch (9 dhjetor 2015). A History of the Self-Determination of Peoples: The Domestication of an Illusion. Cambridge University Press. fq. 118. ISBN 978-1-107-03796-0. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Datë e përkthyer automatikisht (lidhja)

[11] "President Wilson's Address to Congress, Analyzing German and Austrian Peace Utterances (Delivered to Congress in Joint Session on February 11, 1918)". gwpda.org. shkurt 11, 1918. Marrë më shtator 5, 2014. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Datë e përkthyer automatikisht (lidhja)

[12] See: Clause 3 of the Atlantic Charter reads: "Third, they respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them" then became one of the eight cardinal principal points of the Charter all people had a right to self-determination.

[13] Daniel, Thürer; Thomas, Burri (2008). "Self-Determination". Oxford Public International Law. doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e873. ISBN 978-0-19-923169-0. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Unterberger-14] Betty Miller Unterberger, "Self-Determination", Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2002.

[15] Mayall, James (2013). "International Society, State Sovereignty, and National Self-Determination". përmbledhur nga Breuilly, John (red.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. fq. 542. ISBN 978-0-19-876820-3. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

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